Rape convictions fall to record low in England and Wales

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The number of rape convictions in England and Wales has fallen to a record low, BBC News has learned.

In 2019-20, 1,439 suspects in cases where a rape had been alleged were convicted of rape or another crime - half the number three years ago.

The number of completed prosecutions in “rape-flagged” cases was also the lowest since tracking began in 2009.

The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said it was “working hard to reverse the trend” and it was a “major focus”.

It has announced a “five-year blueprint” to reduce the “gap” between reported cases of sexual violence and those which come to court.

The initiative involves improved working between CPS lawyers and police, “fully resourcing” specialist units for the prosecution of rape and sexual offences and “clear, proportionate” legal advice to investigators so they can focus on “reasonable lines of enquiry”.

• Why are rape prosecutions falling?

Max Hill QC, the director of public prosecutions, said: “It is clear that more needs to be done both to encourage victims to come forward with confidence, and to support them through the criminal justice process so the gap between reports of rape and cases that reach the courts can be closed.”

The CPS began closely tracking details of rape cases in 2009-10 as part of its “violence against women and girls” strategy.

That year, 2,270 suspects in “rape-flagged” cases admitted an offence or were found guilty after a trial.

The number fluctuated between 2,300 and 2,600, before reaching a high of 2,991 in 2016-17 - but it has fallen sharply since then.

‘Rape is de-criminalised’

Overall prosecutions - which include those that end in an acquittal - also peaked in 2016-17, with 5,190 completed cases - but dropped to 2,102 last year.

Harriet Wistrich, founder of the Centre for Women’s Justice, said: “Potentially it is sending out a message that rape is de-criminalised, virtually. It is very unlikely that it will ever be prosecuted, particularly in cases where there is intoxication. What does that tell men who are determined to rape? It gives a very worrying message.”

Other figures, seen by the BBC, suggest the decline in rape prosecutions may have deterred some police from submitting cases for charging decisions.

Informed sources claimed some investigators were frustrated that growing numbers of rape cases they had worked on were not resulting in a prosecution and were more selective about which ones they sent forward for a charging decision.

In 2019-20, the police referred 2,747 cases to the CPS, a reduction of 40% in three years and the lowest number since the figures were first published in 2014-15.

Ms Wistrich said: “We have heard anecdotally, police won’t refer a case where there isn’t a huge amount of corroborating evidence where there is a dispute as to consent.”

It is also taking longer for suspects to be charged, with the average time from a case initially being referred to the CPS to a decision to charge up from 53 days in 2015-16 to 145 days in 2019-20, which is almost five months.

The period does not include the time spent investigating the case prior to referral nor the time between someone being charged and tried.

Previously, the delays have been partly blamed on the volume of digital evidence, particularly from smart-phones, that detectives have to trawl through.

Local ‘gatekeepers’

The CPS said the drop in rape prosecutions was “a major focus” of its work and it had been “working hard to reverse the trend we’ve seen in recent years”.

“It is early days, but there are encouraging signs with a steady increase in both the proportion and number of cases charged,” a spokesperson said. “If our legal test is met, we always seek to prosecute.”

The CPS added that due to the time it takes to investigate and prosecute a case any changes may take some time to be seen in the data.

A joint statement from the National Police Chiefs’ Council’s leads for rape, domestic abuse and charging said the fall in the number of convictions was “very concerning for us”.

It said there were a number of reasons behind the drop in referrals, many due to changes in the way forces operate.

“Over recent years we have worked hard with the CPS to streamline the process and have introduced local ‘gatekeepers’ who can test evidence and give investigators advice, helping to improve cases, without the necessity for a referral,” the statement said.

“However, we are hearing from our officers that it is becoming harder to achieve the standard of evidence required to charge a suspect and get a case into court. Victims tell us clearly how important it is to them to have the evidence tested in this way.

“Investigators are working incredibly hard to try and reach that standard, but in some occasions when they are unable to do so they are taking local decisions through gatekeepers and supervisors.”